New film dedicated to the Imperial Family premieres in Nizhny Novgorod

On 11th August 2025, the premiere of the documentary-film, based on the book Романовы: убийство, поиск, обретение [Romanovs: murder, search, acquisition] by the abbot of the Nizhny Novgorod Ascension Pechersk Monastery, Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin), took place at the Record Cultural Center, in Nizhny Novgorod.

The documentary-film is timed to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the glorification of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family as Royal Passion-Bearers by the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church on 14th (O.S. 1st) August 2000.

PHOTO: it was “standing room only” at the Nizhni Novgorod premiere

The event was attended by Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin), the scriptwriter and director of the film Irina Vdovina-Sudina, Doctor of Historical Sciences and leading specialist of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History Lyudmila Lykova, participant in the search for the remains of Tsesarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria in 2007 Leonid Vokhmyakov, participant in the search for the remains of the Imperial Family in 1979 Gennady Vasiliev, retired Senior investigator of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation Vladimir Solovyov, who headed the investigation into the “Ekaterinburg Remains”, Olga Ryabova, the widow of screenwriter Geliy Ryabov (1932-2015), who led an expedition in 1979 to search for the remains of the Imperial Family, among other guests.

Before the screening, Irina Vdovina-Sudina addressed the audience: “We have all gathered today for the premiere of this documentary-film. Our apologies, we did not expect that there would be more spectators than seats in the hall. This year marks the 25th anniversary of the glorification of Nicholas II and his family, and the creation of the film is timed to coincide with this date. I did not immediately want to take on such a complex topic, which causes so many contradictory opinions, but having immersed myself in it, I began to embrace it wholeheartedly. The film is not only about the mystery of finding the Ekaterinburg remains, it is also about mistakes, redemption and repentance.”

PHOTO: Irina Vdovina-Sudina addressed the audience

The film explores how for many decades Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin) collected information about the fate of the Imperial Family’s remains, following their execution on the night of 16-17 July, 1918. As a youth, Nikolai Zatekin (the secular name of Archimandrite Tikhon) worked with a team of plasterers in Moscow’s St. Daniel’s Monastery. It was during a conversation with a colleague, that the subject of the fate of the remains of the Tsar and his family piqued the interest of Zatekin for the first time. After moving to Sverdlovsk (renamed Ekaterinburg in 1991), he began to collect materials about the history of the family of the last Russian emperor.

PHOTO: Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin)

In 1985, Zatekin met the film director and writer Geliy Ryabov (1932-2015). Recall that in 1979, it was Ryabov along with geologist and local historian Alexander Avdonin, who discovered the burial place of the remains of the Imperial Family on the Old Koptyaki Road, near Sverdlovsk [Ekaterinburg]. This event was preceded by a long and painstaking collection of information, on the basis of which the researchers concluded that the remains of the Imperial Family, contrary to the widespread version, were not destroyed, but transferred from mine No7 at Ganina Yama and buried in the forest on the territory of the Porosenkov Log tract.

The remains were exhumed from the ground only in 1991. In 2007, another excavation was carried out at Porosenkov Log, a result of which the remains of Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna were found and identified. This find became a counterargument for those who were against the recognition of the remains as those of Nicholas II and his family. More than once in disputes, opponents pointed out that 11 people were murdered in the Ipatiev House, and the remains of nine were found in Porosenkov Log by Geliy Ryabov and Alexander Avdonin. The second grave, containing the two additional remains settled the argument, at least for some.

PHOTO: following the end of the documentary-film, retired senior investigator of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation Vladimir Solovyov, took part in a question and answer period

After a series of studies and examinations were carried out, the remains of 9 people were buried on 18th July 1998, in the St. Catherine Chapel of the SS Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The remains of Alexei and Maria were transferred to the Lower Church of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Novospassky Monastery in Moscow in December 2015, and remain there until the present – pending the decision by the Council of Bishops.

In 2015, the Investigative Committee of Russia resumed the investigation into the death of the Romanovs. During the investigation, the remains found near Ekaterinburg in 1991 were re-examined.

“In 2022, a meeting of the Holy Synod was held, where representatives of the state commission, which had studied the remains since 2015, and members of the church commission headed by Metropolitan Varsonofy of St. Petersburg and Ladoga. The conclusions of the first investigation confirmed, that the found remains belonged to Emperor Nicholas II and his family. It was decided to submit the issue of the remains to the Council of Bishops for approval,” said Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin).

PHOTO: following the premiere, Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin) took the time to sign copies of his book Романовы: убийство, поиск, обретение [Romanovs: murder, search, acquisition]

Following the documentary-film’s premiere, the audience were invited to ask questions to the panel of experts who participated in the making of the film, including Vladimir Solovyov, Lyudmila Lykova, Olga Ryabova and Archimandrite Tikhon (Zatekin). The latter, then took the time to sign copies of his book Романовы: убийство, поиск, обретение [Romanovs: murder, search, acquisition]

© Paul Gilbert. 13 August 2025

NEW BOOK – Sovereign No. 15 (Summer 2025)

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the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Japan
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English. Large format 8-1/2″ x 11-1/2″. 130 pages. 131 Black & White photos

The No. 15 Summer 2025 issue of SOVEREIGN features more than 20 articles about Russia’s last Tsar, his family, the Romanov dynasty and the history of Imperial Russia. These articles have been researched and written by independent historian and author Paul Gilbert. His works are based on new research from Russian archival and media sources.

In an effort to preserve his 30+ years of research, the author has reproduced a selection of the nearly 900 articles he has written for his blog. They are made available in a printed format for the first time. The author has updated many of the articles in this issue with additional information and photos. In addition, this issue features one new First English translation.

The No. 15 issue features the following 23 articles:

[1] Film Review: Nicholas and Alexandra

[2] Smoking: the Tsar’s bad habit

[3] St. Catherine’s Chapel. The Final Resting Place of Nicholas II

[4] What were Lenin’s plans on Nicholas II’s fate?

[5] The “Imperial Palace” of Emperor Nicholas II in Paris – October 1896

[6] The hidden wealth of the Bolshevik devil Yakov Sverdlov

[7] In 1897 Nicholas II approved the Winter Palace to be painted red

[8] Romanov archives of Charles Sydney Gibbes

[9] The Tsar’s Railway Pavilion in Nizhny Novgorod

[10] Ministers of Foreign Affairs During the Reign of Nicholas II

[11] Nicholas II’s little known third brother: Alexander (1869-1870)

[12] Nicholas II’s Diaries 1894-1918

[13] God, Save the Tsar! Боже, Царя храни!

[14] Emperor Nicholas II Foundation Marks 4th Anniversary

[15] Serov Portrait of Nicholas II to be exhibited in London

[16] Faithful to the Tsar and His Family: Pierre Gilliard (1879-1962)

[17] Portrait of Nicholas II returned to Russia from America

[18] What is Nicholas II’s correct date of birth?

[19] New museum dedicated to Nicholas II and his family opens in Pskov region

[20] Reconstruction of the Imperial Train Pavilion at Tsarskoye Selo

[21] The human side of the Tsar

[22] Father Vasiliev: Confessor to the Imperial Family

[23] Obituary: Zurab Konstantinovich Tsereteli (1934-2025)

***

Back issues of SOVEREIGN

No. 14 Winter 2025

No. 13 Summer 2024

No. 12 Winter 2024

NOTE: back issues of Nos. 1 to 12 are now out of print.
Second-hand copies are available on AMAZAON eBay
.

© Paul Gilbert. 1 June 2025

Obituary: Greg King (1964-2025)

On the night of 24/25th April 2025, American author Greg King died, aged 61. The cause of death was cardiovascular disease.

King is the author of more than a dozen biographies of prominent historical figures, but he is perhaps best known for his writings about Russia’s last tsar Nicholas II (2006), Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (1994), the Grand Dukes Konstantinovich (2006), Prince Felix Yusupov (1996) and Anastasia/Anna Anderson (2010).

His works on European and British royalty include biographies on King Ludwig II of Bavaria (1996), Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Wallis Simpson Duchess of Windsor (1999) and the Court of Queen Victoria (2007).

His non-royalty works included studies of the Luisitania (2015) and the Andrea Doria (2020).

A number of King’s works were co-authored by his long-time friend Penny Wilson.

In addition, Greg King was a frequent onscreen expert and commentator for historical documentaries, his work has appeared in numerous publications including The Washington Post, Majesty Magazine, and Royalty Magazine

On a personal note, I only met Greg on one occasion, and that was in the mid-1990s. He was among the first group of American and Canadian travellers who took part in my first organized tour of Russia: The World of Nicholas and Alexandra. We communicated by telephone and email for some years after that, and then we parted ways. I continued to follow his work.

My favourite book written by King is The Court of the Last Tsar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II (2006). I recall him telling me of his plans to write this particular book, during our visit to St. Petersburg and Moscow all those many years ago. In addition, is his book A Life for the Tsar: Triumph and Tragedy at the Coronation of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (2016).

While I did not agree with some of Greg’s research, I have to give credit where credit is due. He had a large and dedicated following and his passing will leave a large void in research on the life and reign of Russia’s last Tsar and his family. His death at such an early age is indeed tragic, may he rest in peace.

© Paul Gilbert. 26 April 2025

NEW BOOK – ‘The Lost World of Imperial Russia’- Volume II

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France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Japan

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Large 8-1/2″ x 11″ format, 240 pages, featuring
400+ black & white photos

“Keeping the memories of Old Russia alive!”

This second volume of The Lost World of Imperial Russia, features more than 400 additional vintage photographs of architectural gems, people and places of the Russian Empire during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II, between 1894 to 1917. This second volume complements Volume I, which was published in September 2022.

Imperial palaces, palatial mansions, seaside villas, suburban dachas, churches, government buildings, all of which reflect a variety of architectural styles, and many which reflect Imperial Russia itself are featured. In addition, are photographs depicting daily life, social activities, life in the Russian Imperial Army and Navy, and much more.

Like Volume One, this second volume is a photographic record of a lost world, one of great historical value in our understanding and appreciation of the Russian Empire during the reign of Russia’s last Tsar.

Volume II is available in both hard cover and paperback editions, 240 pages, richly illustrated with more than 400 vintage black and white photos! AVAILABLE exclusively from AMAZON.

COVER PHOTO: Andrei Alexeevich Kudinov (1852–1915), standing at the Emperor’s Porch at the Feodorovsky Cathedral in St. Petersburg in January 1914. This is probably one of the last photographs taken of him before his death in June 1915. Kudinov served as bodyguard to Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich [future Emperor Alexander III]. In December 1878, he was assigned to Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna [future Empress Maria Feodorovna]; he stayed at this post when she became Empress in 1881 and continued until his death. Photo by Karl Bulla.

***

THE LOST WORLD OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA
Volume I – Published in September 2022

*This title is available from AMAZON in the USA, UK, Canada, Australia,
France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Japan

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Large 8-1/2″ x 11″ format, 242 pages, featuring
400+ black & white photos

© Paul Gilbert. 15 April 2025

A special gift from the the Diaconești Monastery

Today – 8th April 2025 – I received the most wonderful and unexpected surprise from the nuns at the Diaconești Monastery in Moldavia, Romania. This beautiful colour drawing and personalised inscription was gifted to me by Sisters Seraphima, Ovidiu and Ioana in recognition for my helping to promote the English language edition of their book The True Story of the Romanov Family, which was published last year by the monastery’s publishing division.

The illustrations were hand painted by the nuns, and framed in a large wooden diptych. Each panel is covered with glass. The diptych has hinges, which allow it to be closed like a book and secured with a clasp.

On the left side of the diptych, Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna are depicted in their Coronation robes and crowns, standing under the Coat-of-Arms of the Russian Empire. The Tsar is depicted holding the Imperial Sceptre and Orb of the Russian Coronation Regalia.

In a separate letter, Sister Seraphima wrote:

I sincerely believe that it was the Imperial Family themselves who sent you this gift through us, as a token of gratitude for the effort and love you have shown toward them. Our gift was meant, above all, as a gesture of appreciation for your dedication. But of course, it was also a sign of our thanks for helping promote our book—because it is clear that we share the same purpose.

We chose the Coronation scene specifically for this gift. You may already know that the illustration you received is not only an original one from our book, but also a reproduction of an actual invitation used at the time of Their Majesties’ Coronation. We picked this image because we knew you already own the coronation book, and we felt it would be a fitting complement.”

On the right side of the diptych, under the Holy icon is a personalized inscription, which upon reading moved me to tears. It reads . . .

Dear Paul

Through tireless work, so true and bright,
You share the Romanovs’ gentle light.
Their legacy, through time restored,
In every tale and treasured word.

With gratitude, we warmly say,
Your light still shines along the way.
The past preserved, the story lives,
A gift of love, your heart still gives.

With gratitude,
Sister Seraphima,
Ovidiu and Ioana

Publishing House Bonifaciu Romania

I would like to note, that my more than 30 years of research and writing are all part of my personal mission to help clear the name of Russia’s much slandered Tsar and his family. While I have never aspired for awards or honours, I cannot deny that it is truly humbling to receive recognition for my efforts by means of a gift such as this.

I believe that it is very important for me to show my support for any event, exhibition, documentary and publishing project which present not only the truth about Emperor Nicholas II and his family, but also keep their memory alive. These are the reasons why I helped to promote The True Story of the Romanov Family on my blog, social media and to those who subscribe to my bi-weekly news updates. This beautifully illustrated graphic study is unique, and a must read for any one who shares an interest in the Holy Royal Martyrs.

CLICK on the LINK below the image to read more about the book The True Story of the Romanov Family, which is now available on AMAZON.

BOOK DESCRIPTION and ORDER
‘The True Story of the Romanov Family’

© Paul Gilbert. 8 April 2025

NEW BOOK – Of Princes and Palaces: A Romanov Miscellany

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English. 154 pages, with 46 black and white photos

British author and Romanov historian Coryne Hall presents a miscellany of essays on the Romanov’s and their palaces in five chapters with illustrations.

Learn about the life of Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna the daughter of Emperor Paul I, who became Queen of the Netherlands; explore the history and fate of the Imperial Hunting Palaces at Bialowieza and Spala in Poland; read about the life of Grand Duchess Tatiana Konstantinovna, the first daughter of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, who took the veil as Mother Tamara, in Switzerland in 1946; the last chapter explores Russia’s relationship with the Kingdom of Siam, King Chulalongkorn, and his son Prince Chakrabongse who who was enrolled in the Corps des Pages in St. Petersburg.

Illustrated with 46 black and white photographs

***

Other Books by Coryne Hall

CLICK on the LINK(S) BELOW FOR DETAILS ABOUT EACH TITLE

Dagmar: Marie Feodorovna and Her Family (2024)

Nicholas II and the British Monarchs (2023)

***

About the author

Coryne Hall is an historian, broadcaster and consultant specialising in the Romanovs and British and European royalty. She was born in Ealing, West London and developed a fascination for Imperial Russia in childhood when she learnt that her great-grandmother was born in St Petersburg, an almost exact contemporary of Nicholas II.

The author of ten books, she is a regular contributor to Majesty MagazineThe European Royal History Journal, Royal Russia, Sovereign and Royalty Digest Quarterly. She acted as consultant on the Danish television documentaries “A Royal Family” and “The Royal Jewels.”

Coryne has lectured at royalty conferences in England, Denmark, Russia and America. Her media appearances include Woman’s Hour, BBC South Today, the documentaries Russia’s Lost Princesses and 13 Moments of Fate, live coverage of Charles and Camilla’s wedding for Canadian television and co-hosting live coverage of Prince William’s wedding alongside John Moore for Newstalk 1010, Canada. She was also the last person to have a private audience with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. She lives in Hampshire.

Coryne is the author of Little Mother of Russia and assisted Princess Olga Andreevna Romanoff in the writing of Princess Olga, A Wild and Barefoot Romanov. Her next book From Romanov to Windsor: King Charles III’s Romanov Blood is scheduled for publication in August 2025.

© Paul Gilbert. 15 March 2025

Court Gastronomist. Menus of the Imperial Court

PHOTO: Архив придворного гастронома. Меню трапез российского императорского двора / The Archive of the Court Gastronome. Menus and Meals of the Russian Imperial Court and recipe supplement

NOTE: this post is for information purposes only. Due to the current Western economic sanctions against Russia, it is currently not possible to order this book from Russia. Nor do I know of any bookseller outside of Russia that offers this title for sale – PG

the State Hermitage Museum has issued a very interesting new book Архив придворного гастронома. Меню трапез российского императорского двора / The Archive of the Court Gastronome. Menus and Meals of the Russian Imperial Court. The publication of this book is a joint project of the State Hermitage Museum (St. Petersburg), the retail company Magnit and the Hermitage 21st Century Foundation.

This title has been published in a limited edition printing of only 1,000 copies. It is only available in Russian, there is no English edition, nor is one planned. Below, are a small sampling of some of the beautiful menus of imperial banquets, created by outstanding Russian artists: Viktor Vasnetsov (1848-1926), Ivan Bilibin (1876-1942) and others.

The book contains several sections: coronation celebrations and major Russian holidays, regimental and order dinners, diplomatic receptions, wedding banquets, Orthodox feasts, hunting meals, yacht dinners. Each section contains a detailed description of the historical era and celebrations with colourful menus and illustrations.  

Leafing through the pages of the Archive of the Court Gastronome, readers will learn what privileged guests were served at the coronations of Emperors Alexander III and Nicholas II, how the tables were set for wedding celebrations of members of the Imperial Family, what was served during the gala dinner in honour of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty in 1913, as well attributes of meals served in the Imperial residences, hunting lodges, Imperial yachts and much more.

The authors of the book include: Yulia Vadimovna Sharovskaya – head of the Fine Art Sector of the State Hermitage’s Department of the History of Russian Culture; Irina Radikovna Bagdasarova – leading researcher in the Department of the History of Russian Culture.

In addition, the publication has a special printed supplement with recipes. These are recipes which have been adapted to modern times, taken from pre-revolutionary cookbooks. The recipes were reproduced by the Gastronom.ru team in their own kitchens, using up-to-date ingredients and cooking methods.

Some of the recipes from this book can be found at the Gastronom.ru web site, as part of the Tsar’s Kitchen project. These recipes [in Russian only] provide an opportunity for food-lovers to taste some of the delicacies enjoyed by members of the Imperial Family and their guests more than a century ago.

© Paul Gilbert. 8 March 2025

NEW BOOK – ‘Anya’: Anna Alexandrovna Tanyeva Vyrubova

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Including the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia.
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CLICK HERE TO ORDER THE PAPERBACK EDITION @ $20.00 USD

Language: English. 204 pages. More than 70 black and white photos

This is the first English language study of Anna Alexandrovna Vyrubova (1884-1964), the famous lady-in-waiting to Russia’s last empress Alexandra Feodorovna, and devoted adherent of Grigorii Rasputin. She was known within the Imperial Family as “Anya”.

This new book features 7 chapters covering a wide variety of topics: the story of Anna’s life; a moral portrait of her memoirs – published in the 1920s and forgeries published – as a means to discredit her – during the Soviet years; Anna’s house in Tsarskoye Selo; a 1917 interview with Anna following her imprisonment; her life in exile in Finland and Sweden; the fate of her photo albums and efforts to have her canonized.

Vyrubova died in exile on 20th July 1964, at the age of 80. She was buried in the Orthodox section of Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki.

This volume features more than 70 black and white photographs, including images of her siblings, Anna in her wedding dress and rare photos of her life in exile in Finland.

***

MEMORIES OF THE RUSSIAN COURT

The return of an old favourite . . . the first English language edition of ‘Memories of the Russian Court’ was published in 1923. This new edition is available in hard cover, paperback and eBook/Kindle editions. This popular classic is available in hard cover for the first time in more than 30 years! . . . . .

CLICK HERE FOR MORE DETAILS ABOUT THIS TITLE

© Paul Gilbert. 1 March 2025

NEW BOOK: Memories of the Russian Court

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Including the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia.
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Language: English. 312 pagess

The return of an old favourite . . . the first English language edition of this book was published in 1923. This new edition is available in hard cover, paperback and eBook/Kindle editions. This popular classic is available in hard cover for the first time in more than 30 years!

Due to her privileged position at the Court of the last Russian Tsar, and her close association to the Imperial Family, Anna Vyrubova’s memoirs are a must read for those who share a special interest in Emperor Nicholas II and his family.

From the summer of 1905 on, Anna Vyrubova centered her life on the Empress Alexandra and became a part of the Tsar’s family. In order to be closer to the family, Anna moved into a summer home at Tsarskoye Selo, a short walk from the Alexander Palace, her telephone was connected directly to the palace switchboard.

Her memories provide a rare look into the private world of the Imperial Family, sharing many intimate details and personal impressions of the Russian Imperial Court. Anna shared their holidays, and sailed with them on the Imperial Yacht ‘Standart‘ to the Finnish islands and Livadia in Crimea.

PHOTO: in happier times . . . Anna enjoying a cup of tea/coffee with
the Imperial Family, outside the Tennis House at Livadia, Crimea. 1914

Anna also tells about her relationship with Grigorii Rasputin, her arrest and imprisonment in the notorious Trubetskoy Bastion Prison, situated in the Peter and Paul Fortress in Petrograd, her interrogation and subsequent escape from certain death by the Bolsheviks.

In 1920 Anna fled to Finland with her mother and lived quietly in Vyborg. There she wrote these remarkable memoirs which offer a unique eyewitness testimony of the life and character of Empress Alexandra, Emperor Nicholas II and their five children. Vyrubova describes a diverse array of incidents in the life of the Imperial family which collectively attest to the sincere and loving nature of the often misunderstood Empress.

Anna took vows as a Russian Orthodox nun but was permitted to live in a private home because of her physical disabilities. She died in 1964 at the age of 80, in Helsinki, where her grave is located in the Orthodox section of Hietaniemi cemetery.

© Paul Gilbert. 11 February 2025

NEW BOOK: At the Court of the Last Tsar

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the United States and Canada
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Language: English. 322 pagess

Following the October 1917 Revolution, many of those who served at the Imperial Court were able to flee Bolshevik Russia to a new life abroad. Amonth them was General Alexander Mossolov, whose memoirs have been out of print for years, are once again available in a new paperback editions.

General Alexander Mossolov, was head of the Court Chancellery from 1900 to 1916. His memoirs, published in 1935, are an important historical record on Russia’s last tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, their relatives and their Court during those sixteen years.

Mossolov was impressed by the Tsar’s positive qualities as a faithful, loving husband and father; timid, courteous, even-tempered, thoughtful and affable towards all around him, with ‘an ingrained dislike of argument’, and with a touching concern for the fate of Russian soldiers wounded in wartime.

The Tsarina was very shy, devoid of social skills and with no appetite for ‘society talk’, yet an efficient organizer, particularly with regard to the installation of hospital trains, convalescent homes, and hospitals, and her ability to gather round her persons of ability and energy.

His pen portraits of Count Freedericksz, Minister of the Court, the Tsar’s aunt Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Vladimir, and foreign royalty such as the German Emperor William II, and King Edward VII of England, are equally perceptive.

Mossolov’s memoirs are a kindly testimonial to the sovereign whose reign and life ended in tragedy, but remained to the end a conscientious and well-intentioned man.

***

Alexander Alexandrovich Mosolov (1854-1939), was Born in Ryazan, Russia. From 1901 he served as an aide-de-camp. From 1902 he was appointed to the Retinue of His Imperial Majesty. In 1900-1916 he held the position as head of the chancellery of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, and was in the close circle of Emperor Nicholas II. He fought against the Bolsheviks in the South of Russia; in emigration he lived in France and later in Bulgaria.

© Paul Gilbert. 20 January 2025