“Judge Not Lest Ye Be Judged” – in Defence of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, reclining on a chaise lounge in her boudoir
In a letter to his mother dated 8th June 1910, Nicholas II reflects his deep concern and anxiety about his wife’s condition . . .
“I am completely run down mentally by worrying over her health.”
Over the years, I have posted many photos of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna (1872-1918) on my personal Facebook page, but I am always left sad and disheartened by the numerous bitter, nasty comments often left by people. This poor woman has been criticized for everything from “never smiling”, “looking miserable”, depicting a “sour face” or being “cold” and “aloof” – just to name a few.
Just last week I received a nasty email from a Facebook troll who noted how much Alexandra is “hated” by “noted historians”.
During her life, Alexandra carried much grief, worry and sorrow on her shoulders, all of which began at an early age. She lost her brother Friedrich to haemophilia in May 1873; her sister Marie died of diphtheria in November 1878; and the following month, her beloved mother Princess Alice also died of diphtheria in December 1878.
After her mother and sister’s deaths, Alix became more reserved and withdrawn. She described her childhood before her mother and sister’s death as “unclouded, happy babyhood, of perpetual sunshine, then of a great cloud.”
In March 1892, her father Grand Duke Louis IV, died of a heart attack. According to Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, Alix regarded the death of her father as perhaps “the greatest sorrow of her life”. Buxhoeveden recalled in her 1928 biography [The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna] that “for years she could not speak of him, and long after when she was in Russia, anything that reminded her of him would bring her to the verge of tears”. This loss was probably so much greater for Alix because Grand Duke Louis IV had been Alix’s only remaining parent since she was six years of age.
PHOTO: In later years, the Empress’s immobility forced her to use a wheelchair
From the day which she arrived in St. Petersburg, members of the Imperial Family, along with the ladies of the aristocracy took a particular dislike to Russia’s new Empress. Alexandra was a deeply religious woman, and she took great lengths to keep both herself and later he children at a distance from the debauchery of the capital.
Alexandra was also isolated for being foreign. Increasingly, she became an even more unpopular figure with the Imperial Family, the aristocracy, and the Russian people for numerous reasons, including her association with Rasputin and Anna Vyrubova. During the Great War, she became unpopular because of her German birth and upbringing, when that country was an enemy of the Russian Empire. Alexandra became a primary focus for the increasing unrest associated with opposition to the monarchy.
Alexandra’s health was never robust and her five pregnancies, wreaked havoc on her body. She was under tremendous pressure to produce a son, an heir to the throne. Between 1895 and 1904, she gave birth to five children – four of which were large babies at birth. This must have had an impact on her overall health – both physical and mental?
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna (1895) — weighed 10 pounds (about 4.1 kg) at birth. The birth was long and difficult, the doctors had to use obstetric forceps;
Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna (1897) — weighed 8-3/4 pounds (about 3.6 kg) at birth. She was the smallest of the four daughters at birth;
Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna (1899) — weighed 10 lbs 35 ounces (5.2 kg) at birth;
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna (1901) — weighed 11-1/2 pounds (about 4.7 kg) at birth. She was the largest among the four daughters, although the birth was the easiest;
Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich (1904) — weigned 11 pounds 40 ounces (about 5.3 kg.) at birth, his body length was 22 inches (58 cm). The long-awaited heir was born a very large and strong baby.
Some historians attribute the semi-invalidism of her later years to nervous exhaustion from obsessive worry over the fragile health of her son. She spent most of her time in bed or reclining on a chaise lounge in her boudoir or on a veranda. This immobility enabled her to avoid the social occasions that she found distasteful. Alexandra regularly took a herbal medicine known as Adonis Vernalis in order to regulate her pulse. She was constantly tired, slept badly, and complained of swollen feet. She ate little, but never lost weight – she had become a vegetarian. She may have suffered from Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism), a condition resulting in high levels of the thyroid hormone, which can also result in atrial fibrillation, poor heartbeat and lack of energy.
After the birth of Alexei, the long awaited heir to the Russian throne, Alexandra felt guilt for having passed haemophilia to her son. Most historians believe that she had a breakdown due to the constant worry for her son’s health, and later perhaps suffered from mental health issues.
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, dressed as a Sister of Mercy, during the Great War
And despite all her health issues, during the First World War, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna threw herself heart and soul into Russia’s war effort.
Burning with patriotism for her beloved adopted country, filled with energy and enthusiasm, she plunged into hospital work to help relieve the sufferings of Russian soldiers.
Nursing became her passion. She had the Catherine Palace at Tsarskoye Selo converted into a military hospital, and before the end of 1914 some 85 hospitals were operating under her patronage in the Petrograd [St. Petersburg] alone.
Each morning the Empress was up at seven, attended church, then dressed in the grey uniform of a nursing sister, she arrived at the nearby hospital at Tsarskoye Selo with her two eldest daughters Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana, and her devoted companion Anna Vyrubova. Here they washed and bandaged the wounded soldiers, the Empress assisted with surgeries in the operation theater.
She spent her afternoons visiting other hospitals. Moving through the aisles between hospital beds, the tall figure of the Empress in her nurse’s uniform stirred the wounded men. They reached out bandaged hands to touch her; they wept as she knelt beside their beds to pray. Officers and soldiers, facing amputations, cried from their beds, “Tsaritsa, stand near me. Hold my hand that I may have courage.”
Source: ‘Nicholas and Alexandra’ by Robert K. Massie
Whatever her shortcomings as Empress, let us be more careful in the words we choose before we pass judgement on this poor woman.
© Paul Gilbert. 20 July 2020 – UPDATED 27 June 2026
Nicholas II 
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